How to measure noise pollution

How to measure noise pollution Executive Summary Noise and pollution, and man was created noise harmful to health or welfare. Transport vehicles are the worst offenders, with aircraft, rail, trucks, buses, cars and motorcycles for producing excessive noise. Construction equipment, for example, breaker and bulldozers, also produce substantial noise pollution. Noise intensity is measured in units of dB. Logarithmic scale is dB, every increase of 10 dB represents a tenfold increase in the intensity of noise. Human perception of size is also consistent with a logarithmic scale, an increase of 10 dB is seen as almost double the size of the volume. Thus, 30 dB is 10 times more intense than 20 decibels and sounds loud and twice, 40 dB is 100 times more intense than 20 and sounds 4 times louder, 80 decibels is 1 million times more intense than 20 and sounds 64 times stronger. Distance reduces the level of decibels effective up to the ear. Therefore, the moderate movement of vehicles at a distance of 100 feet (30 m) rates about 50 decibels. To the driver with an open window or pedestrians on the sidewalk, and the rates of movement itself about 70 dB, that is, it sounds louder than 4 times. At a distance of 2000 feet (600 m), and the noise of aircraft taking off up to about 110 decibels, about the same century, the car only 3 feet (1 m) away. Introduction Noise pollution is a leak sound is unwanted, uncontrollable and unpredictable, and not necessarily strong in the lives of people of reasonable sensitivity. Using the reasonable person standard eliminates the idea that the sentence is subjective and unwanted sound. The sound can be returned unwanted noise or return to the Old Testament, and the stories of loud music, barking dogs, as well as the Romanian city where the old residents complained about noisy vehicles delivered in the cobbled streets around them. Has made the industrial revolution, and the growth of cities, the demand for transport in the world, even louder. With the modern world depends so enchanted with noise and noise technology for aircraft produced cars, helicopters, motorcycles, snowmobiles, jet skis, blowers and paper, amplified music, and bass-driven stereo systems, cars surrounding noise level to accelerate quickly. This increase in noise led to the research examines the impact of noise on the lives and activitie s of persons reasonable. The result was a set of evidence strongly suggests that noise is hazardous to good health, mental and physical health. Voices should not be so strong can not be considered interference, for example, drip of the faucet, President of the jet, or stereo late at night, a neighbor. Annoying noise, especially at night when you try to sleep, and sleeping well is essential for good health. Can exposure to noise over time be stressful, causing adverse health effects such as high blood pressure. Although there is a need for more research to strengthen the link noise and health, there is agreement that reduces the noise quality of life. Noise can be particularly harmful for children. Research shows that houses noisy slow cognitive development and language in young children. In addition, children who live and learn in a school near noisy roads, railways and airports and low scores in reading, and some children who live or go to school near the main airport and had high blood pressure. How to measure noise? Noise is measured in decibels, dB. And called on the tool used to measure the sound level. It is designed to respond equally to the human ear, and give an objective assessment of sound pressure level. Even if the noise is a major environmental problem, it is often difficult to determine the associated costs. The report identified the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development in the social costs of road transport four categories of the impact of noise from transport; Low real estate values Loss of mental health care costs for the treatment of loss of sleep, hearing problems or stress loss of productivity due to poor concentration, communication difficulties or fatigue due to inadequate rest Causes:- Causes of noise pollution traffic noise is the main source of noise pollution in urban areas. With the increasing number of vehicles on the road, and cause noise exhaust fumes from cars and trucks, buses and motorcycles is the main reason for the noise. The aircraft flying at low altitude above the height of national parks, wilderness areas and other areas of vacant, the greater the noise level significantly in these areas were not affected in the past. People living next to railway stations to put up with a lot of noise from locomotive engines, horns and whistles and switch management operating in the rail yards. This is the main source of noise pollution. to meet the needs of the basic necessities of life, and build highways, buildings and streets in the city is making a lot of noise. Breaker, compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks and paving breakers are the main sources of noise pollution at construction sites. Although not the main cause of industrial noise and adds noise. Machinery, engines and compressors used in the industries to create a lot of noise that is added to the negative hype already. plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners and fans create a lot of noise in buildings, in addition to noise conditions. equipment for the home, such as vacuum cleaners, blenders, and some noisy devices in the home. Although it does not cause a big problem, can not impact can not be ignored. Effects:- Hearing loss Mechanism of hearing loss stems from the shock of the stereocilia of the cochlea, and the main structure of the inner ear fluid. Finland, together with the middle ear sound pressure levels increases by a factor of twenty, in the sound pressure level is very high up to the cochlea, sound alarms even moderate weather. The underlying disease to the cochlea is the reactive oxygen species, which play an important role in noise-induced necrosis and apoptosis of stereocilia. Exposure to high levels of noise have different effects in a certain number of the population, and the involvement of reactive oxygen species suggests possible ways to treat or prevent hearing damage and cellular structures associated with them. The effects of the heart and blood vessels Noise associated with significant health problems, heart and blood vessels. In 1999, the World Health Organization has concluded that available evidence suggested a weak association between long-term exposure to noise above 67-70 dB (A) and high blood pressure. It was suggested that more recent studies show that the noise levels of 50 dB (A) at night may also increase the risk of myocardial infarction with the production of cortical is chronically elevated. Stress Conduct research on the rocky road of isolation of the United Kingdom manufacturer, and reveals in the UK in third place (33%) of victims of civil unrest, noisy parties are required to have prevented them from sleeping or stressed over the past two years. Almost one in ten (9%) of those affected by civil unrest, which claims to be left constantly disturbed and stressed. More than 1.8 million people, have made their lives hell, noisy neighbors and can not enjoy their home. The impact of noise on health may be a serious problem in all parts of the UK for more than 17.5 million Britons (38%) were troubled by the residents of nearby properties in the past two years. For a period of approximately ten (7%), British, and this is normal Conclusion Noise quiet because of the death and the concern of the community did not create much on the impact of noise on workers alike can not be relied upon in the industries, in particular, and the public in the community as a universal. Noise is of significant environmental pollutants contaminate our air, water and soil. It has the ability to destroy the bridges and the development of cracks in buildings. Can also cause skin noise and mental illness. It explained that the noise is a technology created the problem and all the noise is doubling every 10 years in the hand in hand with social progress and industry. Influenced to a large extent because of environmental pollution of noise, with the sunrise every day. Noise pollution in different parts of the increases in and around the city workplaces and homes. Noise levels peaked in the Twilight Zone when people are at work now, and traffic until it reaches during peak hours.

Project On NCO Essay

INTRODUCTION I have worked for the army as an NCO for the last 13 years and I have always tried to be accountable as much as I can, to live up to the standards of this base and carry out all my responsibilities abiding in the set out rules and regulations. As an Non Commissioned Officer I must be empathetic and positive.   And, as always, must set the standard for integrity and character. However in the recent past I found myself on the wrong side of the matter when over speeded in the base. ABSTRACT The script uses a global array to filter, consolidate, and sort the timing violations. The contents of the global array are then presented in a report of consolidated timing violations. There is illustrated a block of an exemplary global array. The global array includes a plurality of records. Each record includes fields for warning type, time of event, data events, setup time limit, hold time limit, amount of violation, time of last warning. Because experience teaches us that there are some people that only learn by stripping them of their funds. There are others that the mere threat of that loss will keep them on the straight and narrow for 20years to come. And the officers that I know that are the biggest benefactors of professional courtesy deliberately disobey laws because they believe they can do so with impunity. A warning isn’t going to do it for them. An example is a Passaic County Sheriff’s Office incident. The Virginia deputy stopped them, advised them of the applicable law, asked them to obey it, and did not cite anyone. Everyone agreed that he was polite in doing this. The guys pulled back onto the highway resumed doing exactly what they were doing before, and then tried to get the deputy fired when they got home. I hereby submit my Post Violation Report due to my misconduct. Over speeding is the main cause of so many accidents in the army base and other areas in the United States of America. I strongly believe that I was not supposed to go against the ethics, rules and regulations in the base. As an NCO am supposed to set out a good example to all other ground men. However in every day world, we sometimes find ourselves in such situations. In most cases it is not due to our own will but we accidentally find ourselves between a rock and a hard place and therefore try to get ourselves out of it. This being the first time I have done this, I know I have not done such a big criminal activity. I never said that I don’t commit traffic violations. I think I’m pretty careful, but I have missed stop signs, exceeded the speed limit, failed to signal a turn, etc., like everyone else. So far, either I have been lucky or my violations were not so flagrant that they merited a stop. But after pushing a patrol car around for 13 years, I have to say that I can’t remember even once forgetting which car I was in, the patrol car or my personal car. And even in the patrol car, if I committed an intentional traffic violation, it was to accomplish some job-related task, like get turned around to chase a violator or in the field and have to ignore some rules to in order to hit the target. It has never occurred to me to try this in the field of work nor in my private missions without a good reason. If your situational awareness is so poor that you can’t remember whether you’re on or off duty or which car you’re driving, your problems go way past an officers’ discretionary decision making, and your head is definitely â€Å"in the clouds.† I think it’s interesting that you claim that you would have no problem with ignoring a lawful direct order from a superior officer, but you would fear retaliation and would decline to take enforcement action on a clear violation of the law if an officer was involved. If this is truly the situation you’re working in, your agency is in serious trouble. Maybe so, but so what? You never had a brain fart, or were on automatic pilot, you unfortunately can’t control all this. I admit however that on several occasion, when driving off duty in my private vehicle I have driven in the midnight hours because I forgot I was driving in my personal vehicle. Missed to obey the signs and instructions to the drivers. I am not advocating for over speeding in any way, and never have advocated for the same, writing every Amy officer you stop. That is just as much an abuse of discretion as not writing anyone who is an NCO. RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN NON COMMISSIONED OFFICER The duties and responsibilities of NCOs has remained the same for quite a longtime.As an NCO I should be responsible for the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Should know where your soldiers live and how to contact them Use the unit to accomplish, as many missions as possible and at all cost never give out volunteer troops. Managing a specific launch vehicle System administration with decision-making authority. Training new Operations Safety Technicians In fact sometimes it has never been a prudent thing to do some of the following: Sending food back to the kitchen. Telling your significant other you have had better. Commenting in front of your boss â€Å"I can find a better job tomorrow!† Dating a co-worker/boss/bosses daughter. At one point I found myself over speeding just because I could not let it go or because I needed to hit some deadlines. Because most of the violations were not all that grave and my impression was that I had a wake-up call from the stop itself. Was I driving safely? Mission accomplished. But the guy that clearly knows what I was doing got me stopped, and who will resume that same activity as soon as we’re done because we thought he had the right to do that, if not a ride in the back seat. As I qualified many times prior, anyone can talk themselves into a ticket. Just because you are military or physician does not mean I don’t run your driving license. I never said that every one of these members gets a pass, I have written military, physicians and other army officers. Here are the facts, I would like to assume that a member of our armed forces is a reasonably decent individual service that few would undertake and regardless of station they deserve my respect and appreciation. Discression is a funny thing. Where you might exercise it, I might not. Where you think me lax, I might think you unnecessarily harsh. Though you are correct in the spirit of your argument, its execution is not so easy. If this were easy, anyone could do it. I made discretionary decisions every day, and I don’t think I was harsh with them. The difference is that I used criteria that were relevant to the situation and that I could defend to anyone that questioned why I had done what I did. You want to bring in criteria of your own choosing that are based on your fears and biases. Overcoming fear and bias is something every one of us has to do in order to be an army officer. , or you get out. I could have shined on any or all of these people, and no one would have known except them and me. As for is Fort Jackson SC cop that I didn’t know was a cop until after I had issued the ticket, he probably deserved a warning, as he was an out-of-towner who was unfamiliar with the intersection and turned left in violation of a posted sign. The cop part of it had nothing to do with whether it was a bad decision or not. One of the sergeants tried to condemn me within the department for comforting another ground officer and that upset me very much. One more thing: say you’re driving around tomorrow in your private vehicle running errands, and you run a red light. No intent to break the law; you just got distracted for a second, make decision without influence, and accept whatever consequences follow your conduct. Some examples where premeditation discretion, in and of itself, doesn’t make sense: there comes a time when you have to attend to an emergency, and here is where our perspectives diverge. All of those applications of premeditated discretion to use your term are enacted pursuant to due process of law and legislation, formulated in compliance with the set out rules and regulations in the base, and is promulgated to the citizenry. As noted above, a large number of substantially contemporaneous timing violations in a particular module can be the result of a single cause. The violation time is the difference between the given speed limit and speed you have exceeded, and is calculated from the limits (setup or hold) and the difference in time between the clock and data events. The first warnings are used by the script to report consolidated information regarding multiple timing violations that occur at a particular module. ACCOUNTABILITY OF AN NCO Senior leaders, must afford these to junior troops: Responsibility, to instill a sense of worth, pride and accomplishment; Authority, to effectively carry out tasks they are responsible for; Accountability, for actions right and wrong; and Assistance, to help junior troops learn from leaders’ experience and expertise. Such actions by leaders are vital to developing junior troops who will be tomorrow’s leaders. Senior leaders must â€Å"coach, teach, mentor and train† subordinates to effectively replace the leaders in the future. EXPECTATIONS Looking at what American military officers expect from their senior NCOs and vice versa. Officers in the U.S. military expect their senior enlisted leaders to be tactically, technically and strategically proficient; to be â€Å"professional beyond reproach†; and to be â€Å"the eyes and the ears for the commander† – the voice of service members and their families. Senior NCO leaders should expect several things from their commanders and carry out the following: Trust and accord respect. Direct and open communication. â€Å"No one has permission to stop me from seeing General Pace These are not a right, but must be earned through consistently professional and proficient actions. Freedom of movement throughout the command. â€Å"You need to tell that commander, ‘Sir, I need to have freedom of moment throughout my area of responsibility. The only way I can advise you is if I see it, Senior U.S. NCOs are empowered in many ways. However, empowerment is not about having power per se, but about influencing junior troops to do the right things. Infact power is not an issue; the big concern is how leaders exercise influence over their subordinates. Maintaining good order A person assigned as an NCO should be responsible for a defined common area within the barracks, e.g., hallways, laundry rooms, dayrooms etc., in writing and post this NCOs name. Conspicuously in the vicinity of the assigned area. This NCO will, at a minimum, be responsible for reporting common area deficiencies to the Battalion R&U NCO. This person will sign for any furnishings and other accountable property located outside of individual soldier rooms. Maintain room assignment rosters for the barracks. Assign soldiers to barracks by requesting that the FMO issue barracks furniture to occupants. Units may appoint a barracks manager or similar person to assist in managing this function. Non-commissioned Officers (NCOs). NCOs have the primary duty of maintaining the health, safety, welfare and discipline of the soldiers assigned to them. These duties extend to: Ensuring that their soldiers have a healthy and safe living environment that complies with the Army values and enhances unit readiness and discipline. NCOs are the key element of command. Presence in the barracks. NCOs may exercise this leadership as common area NCOIC, SDNCO, And CQ. NCOs will also exercise this leadership as first line and higher supervisors of soldier’s Living in the barracks. At a minimum, NCOs will: Conduct inspections IAW Chapter 4 below. Monitor all barracks activities to ensure compliance with the letter of this regulation and the spirit of the Army values. Ensure the barracks are the safe, healthy environment for soldiers and other NCOs. Inspect barracks furnishings for accountability and serviceability. Barracks Commanding Common areas. Assign an NCO to be responsible for a defined common area within the barracks, e.g., hallways, laundry rooms, dayrooms etc., in writing and post this NCO’s name conspicuously in the vicinity of the assigned area. This NCO will, at a minimum, be responsible for reporting common area deficiencies to the Battalion R&U NCO. This person will sign for any furnishings and other accountable property located outside of individual soldier rooms. Maintain room assignment rosters for the barracks. Assign soldiers to barracks by requesting that the FMO issue barracks furniture to occupants. Units may appoint a barracks manager or similar person to assist in managing this function. Supervision Under supervision the NCO is required to motivate and control the following: Counsel soldiers and maintain counseling records. Conduct corrective training when required Keep soldiers informed during their work and events taking place and exercises. Enforcing the equal opportunity program in the forces CONCLUSION As a Non Commissioned officer I understand that by over speeding in the base posed a srious danger to me and also to the other officers on duty. This was actually putting my life at risk. Also as an officer who is supposed to be a good example to my subordinates, I acted in a manner trying to suggest that is not a good example. I strongly  believe that this was a great mistake and am determined to rectify any harm that may have been caused by my misconduct    REFERENCES. Robert Sterling Rush (2006) Non Commissioned Officer Guide Stackpole Books, United States. 2. United States Court of Claims, (1988) Federal Reporter, West Pub. Co 3.Braham Clark Freeman, The American states report,   Ã‚   Published 1895, Bancroft-Whitney Co. Publishers 4.By Lawyers Co-operative, (1905) Lawyers’ Reports Annotated, Publishing Company Lawyers’ Co-operative Pub. Co.

Prostitution As A Alternative Occupation Choice - 1889 Words

The adage the world s oldest profession (Kennedy, Klein, Bristowe, Cooper, Yuille, 2007), describes prostitution as a alternative occupation choice. However, with reverence towards street prostitution, becoming an prostitute may not be a controlled, intentional occupational choice of that individual. To a certain extent, it may possibly be a last alternative choice. Although there is a increasing amount of research exploring life for prostituted women on the streets, there is no research thus far describing the recruitment process. However, there is information available that describes the paths towards street prostitution. â€Å"Both pimp recruitment techniques and† economical influences that may have an impact on a woman psychological†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Kennedy et al., (2007), stated that many pimps may have an psychopathic mental illness associated with known psychological ideations in relations to various levels of violence. Another technique a pimp will use, to gain control of an underage girl to start a life of prostitution, is by acting as if they love them. That is, a pimp capitalizes on the â€Å"vulnerabilities, stereotypes, and insecurities† (Kennedy et al., 2007), of an under aged teenager, who may be a run away teenager and is living on the streets. Furthermore, he has capability to distort that girl s common sense of moral beliefs with astounding speed. During this process, a pimp will entice her with kindness and gifts. Thereafter, the he makes certain that the she is fully aware of the expenses he spent on her. Once the teenager becomes deeply and totally in love with the him, he tells her that they are out of money and that they need more money to maintain their new lifestyle. Being fully aware of the amount of money that was spent on her, the girl acquires a sense of guilt for their circumstances, thus she becomes willing to help in any way she can. As a result thereof, the girl begi ns to prostitute herself to earn the much needed money for their home. (Kennedy et al., 2007) However, there may be situations where both foreign and domestic women and children, of all ethnic, social/economic status, and ages, have been deceitfully recruited or abducted by an criminal organization to work

Biography of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American Novelist

Charlotte Perkins Gilman (July 3, 1860–August 17, 1935) was an American novelist and humanist. She was an outspoken lecturer, passionate about social reform, and notable for her views as a utopian feminist. Fast Facts: Charlotte Perkins Gilman Also Known As: Charlotte Perkins StetsonKnown For:  Novelist and activist for feminist reformBorn:  July 3, 1860 in Hartford, ConnecticutParents:  Frederic Beecher Perkins and Mary Fitch WescottDied: August 17, 1935 in Pasadena, CaliforniaSpouses:  Charles Walter Stetson (m. 1884–94), Houghton Gilman (m. 1900–1934)Children: Katharine Beecher StetsonSelected Works: The Yellow Wallpaper (1892), In This Our World (1893), Women and Economics  (1898), The Home: Its Work and Influence (1903),Notable Quote:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is not that women are really smaller-minded, weaker-minded, more timid and vacillating, but that whosoever, man or woman, lives always in a small, dark place, is always guarded, protected, directed and restrained, will become inevitably narrowed and weakened by it.† Early Life Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in Hartford, Connecticut, as the first daughter and second child of Mary Perkins (nee Mary Fitch Westcott) and Frederic Beecher Perkins. She had one brother, Thomas Adie Perkins, who was just over a year older than her. Although families at the time tended to be much larger than two children, Mary Perkins was advised to not have any more children at risk of her health or even her life. When Gilman was still a small child, her father abandoned his wife and children, leaving them essentially destitute. Mary Perkins did her best to support her family, but she was unable to provide on her own. As a result, they spent a great deal of time with her father’s aunts, who included education activist Catharine Beecher, suffragist Isabella Beecher Hooker, and, most notably, Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Gilman was largely isolated during her childhood in Providence, Rhode Island, but she was highly self-motivated and read extensively. Despite her natural and boundless curiosity—or, perhaps, especially because of it—Gilman was often a source of frustration to her teachers because she was a rather poor student. She was, however, particularly interested in the study of physics, even more so than history or literature. At the age of 18, in 1878, she enrolled herself at the Rhode Island School of Design, supported financially by her father, who had resumed contact enough to help out with finances, but not enough to truly be a presence in her life. With this education, Gilman was able to carve out a career for herself as an artist for trade cards, which were ornate precursors to the modern business card, advertising for businesses and directing clients to their stores. She also worked as a tutor and an artist. Marriage and Emotional Turmoil In 1884, Gilman, aged 24, married Charles Walter Stetson, a fellow artist. At first, she rejected his proposal, having had a deep-seated feeling that the marriage would not be a good choice for her. However, she did accept his proposal eventually. Their only child, a daughter named Katharine, was born in March 1885. Charlotte Perkins Gilman circa 1890.   Hulton Archive / Getty Images Becoming a mother had a profound impact on Gilman, but not in the way society expected. She was already prone to depression, and after giving birth, she suffered from severe postpartum depression. At the time, the medical profession was not equipped to deal with such complaints; indeed, in an era where women were considered â€Å"hysterical† beings by their very nature, their health problems were often dismissed as mere nerves or overexertion. This is precisely what happened to Gilman, and it would become a formative influence on her writing and her activism. By 1887, Gilman wrote in her journals about such intense inner suffering that she was unable to even care for herself. Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell was summoned to help, and he prescribed a â€Å"rest cure,† which essentially required that she give up all creative pursuits, keep her daughter with her at all times, avoid any activities that required mental exertions, and live a totally sedentary lifestyle. Instead of curing her, these restrictions—prescribed by Miller and enforced by her husband—only made her depression worse, and she began to have suicidal thoughts. Ultimately, she and her husband decided that a separation was the best solution to allow Gilman to heal without causing more harm to herself, him, or their daughter. They separated in 1888—a rarity and a scandal for the era—and eventually finalized a divorce six years later, i n 1894. Upon moving away in 1888, Gilman’s depression began to lift, and she embarked on a steady recovery. Gilman’s experience with depression and her first marriage influenced her writing heavily. Short Stories and Feminist Exploration (1888-1902) Art Gems for the Home and Fireside (1888)The Yellow Wallpaper (1899)In This Our World (1893)The Elopement (1893)The Impress (1894-1895; home to several poems and short stories)Women and Economics  (1898) After leaving her husband, Gilman made some major personal and professional changes. During that first year of separation, she met Adeline â€Å"Delle† Knapp, who became her close friend and companion. The relationship was, most likely, romantic, with Gilman believing that she could perhaps have a successful, lifelong relationship with a woman, rather than her failed marriage to a man. The relationship ended, and she moved, along with her daughter, to Pasadena, California, where she became active in several feminist and reformist organizations. After starting to support herself and Katharine as a door-to-door soap saleswoman, she eventually became an editor for the Bulletin, a journal put out by one of her organizations. Gilmans first book was Art Gems for the Home and Fireside (1888), but her most famous story wouldn’t be written until two years later. In June 1890, she spent two days writing the short story that would become The Yellow Wallpaper; it wouldn’t be published until 1892, in the January issue of The New England Magazine. To this day, it remains the most popular and most acclaimed work of hers. The Yellow Wallpaper depicts a woman’s struggle with mental illness and obsession with a room’s ugly wallpaper after she has been confined to her room for three months for her health, on her husband’s orders. The story is, quite obviously, inspired by Gilman’s own experiences with being prescribed a â€Å"rest cure,† which was exactly the opposite of what she—and her story’s protagonist—needed. Gilman sent a copy of the published story to Dr. Mitchell, who had prescribed that â€Å"cure† for her. Flyer for a lecture by Gilman, circa 1917.   Ken Florey Suffrage Collection / Getty Images For 20 weeks in 1894 and 1895, Gilman served as the editor of The Impress, a literary magazine published weekly by the Pacific Coast Womens Press Association. Along with being the editor, she contributed poems, short stories, and articles. Her non-traditional lifestyle—as an unashamed single mother and a divorcee—turned off many readers, however, and the magazine soon shuttered. Gilman embarked on a four-month lecture tour in early 1897, leading her to think more about the roles of sexuality and economics in American life. Based on this, she wrote Women and Economics, published in 1898. The book focused on the role of women, both in the private and public spheres. With recommendations on changing accepted practices of child-rearing, housekeeping, and other domestic tasks, Gilman advocated for ways to take some domestic pressure off women so that they could participate more fully in public life. Editor of Her Own (1903-1916) The Home: Its Work and Influence (1903)The Forerunner (1909 - 1916; published dozens of stories and articles)â€Å"What Diantha Did (1910)The Crux (1911)Moving the Mountain (1911) Herland (1915) In 1903, Gilman wrote The Home: Its Work and Influence, which became one of her most critically acclaimed works. It was a sequel or expansion of sorts on Women and Economics, proposing outright that women needed the opportunity to expand their horizons. She recommended that women be permitted to expand their environments and experiences in order to maintain good mental health. From 1909 to 1916, Gilman was the sole writer and editor of her own magazine, The Forerunner, in which she published countless stories and articles. With her publication, she specifically hoped to present an alternative to the highly sensationalized mainstream newspapers of the day. Instead, she wrote content that was intended to spark thought and hope. Over the course of seven years, she produced 86 issues and gained around 1,500 subscribers who were fans of the works appearing (often in serialized form) in the magazine, including â€Å"What Diantha Did (1910), The Crux (1911), Moving the Mountain (1911), and Herland (1915). Poster of Gilman advertising a lecture, 1917.   Ken Florey Suffrage Collection/Getty Images Many of the works she published during this time depicted the feminist improvements to society that she advocated, with women taking on leadership and depicting stereotypically female qualities as positives, not objects of scorn. These works also largely advocated for women working outside the home and for the sharing of domestic tasks equally between husbands and wives. During this period, Gilman revived her own romantic life as well. In 1893, she had contacted her cousin Houghton Gilman, a Wall Street attorney, and they began a correspondence. In time, they fell in love, and they began spending time together whenever her schedule permitted it. They married in 1900, in what was a much more positive marital experience for Gilman than her first marriage, and they lived in New York City until 1922. Lecturer for Social Activism (1916-1926) After her run of The Forerunner ended, Gilman did not cease writing. Instead, she continually submitted articles to other publications, and her writing ran in several of them, including the Louisville Herald,  The Baltimore Sun, and the  Buffalo Evening News.  She also began work on her autobiography, titled The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, in 1925; it was not published until after her death in 1935. In the years after the shuttering of The Forerunner, Gilman continued to travel and lecture as well. She also published one more full-length book, Our Changing Morality, in 1930. In 1922, Gilman and her husband moved back to his homestead in Norwich, Connecticut, and they lived there for the next 12 years. Houghton died unexpectedly in 1934 after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage, and Gilman returned to Pasadena, where her daughter Katharine still lived. Gilman addressing members of the Federation of Womens Club in 1916.   Bettmann / Getty Images In the final years of her life, Gilman wrote significantly less than before. Aside from Our Changing Morality, she only published three articles after 1930, all of which dealt with social issues. Ironically, her final publication, which came in 1935, was titled â€Å"The Right to Die† and was an argument in favor of the right of the dying to choose when to die rather than suffer a drawn-out illness. Literary Style and Themes First and foremost, Gilman’s work deals with themes relevant to the lives and social condition of women. She believed that the patriarchal society, and the limitations of women to domestic life in particular, oppressed women and kept them from reaching their potential. In fact, she tied the need for women to no longer be oppressed to the very survival of society, arguing that society could not progress with half the population underdeveloped and oppressed. Her stories, therefore, depicted women who took on roles of leadership that would typically belong to men and did a good job. Notably, Gilman was somewhat in conflict with other leading feminist voices of her era because she viewed stereotypically feminine traits in a positive light. She expressed frustration with the gendered socialization of children and the expectation that a woman be happy about being restricted to a domestic (and sexual) role, but did not devalue them the way that men and some feminist women did. Instead, she used her writings to show women using their traditionally devalued qualities to show strength and a positive future. One of Gilmans Votes for Mothers postcards, circa 1900.   Ken Florey Suffrage Collection/ Getty Images Her writings, however, were not progressive in all senses. Gilman wrote of her conviction that black Americans were inherently inferior and had not progressed at the same rate as their white counterparts (although she did not contemplate the role those same white counterparts might have played in slowing said progress). Her solution was, essentially, a more polite form of enslavement: forced labor for black Americans, only to be paid wages once the costs of the labor program were covered. She also suggested that British-descended Americans were being bred out of existence by influxes of immigrants. For the most part, these views were not expressed in her fiction, but ran through her articles. Death In January 1932, Gilman was diagnosed with breast cancer. Her prognosis was terminal, but she lived for another three years. Even prior to her diagnosis, Gilman had advocated for the option of euthanasia for the terminally ill, which she put into action for her own end-of-life plans. She left a note behind, stating that she â€Å"chose chloroform over cancer,† and on August 17, 1935, she quietly ended her own life with an overdose of chloroform. Legacy For the most part, Gilman’s legacy has largely been focused on her views on gender roles in the home and in society. By far, her best known work is the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† which is popular in literature classes in high school and college. In some ways, she left behind a remarkably progressive legacy for her time: she advocated for women to be allowed full participation in society, pointed out the frustrating double standard women of her time were held to, and did so without criticizing or devaluing stereotypically feminine traits and actions. However, she also left behind a legacy of more controversial beliefs. Gilman’s work has been continually published in the century since her death. Literary critics have largely focused on her short stories, poems, and nonfiction book-length works, with less interest in her published articles. Still, she left behind an impressive body of work and remains a cornerstone of many American literature studies. Sources Davis, Cynthia J.  Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography. Stanford University Press, 2010. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography.  New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1935; NY: Arno Press, 1972; and Harper Row, 1975.Knight, Denise D., ed. The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman,  2 vols. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994.

Human Trafficking A Hidden Crime And Accurate Statistics

Chaudae Thyme Mrs.Kukucka / Ms.Hazelton Sold Essay â€Å"Although human trafficking is often a hidden crime and accurate statistics are difficult to obtain, researchers estimate that more than 80% of trafficking victims are female. Over 50% of human trafficking victims are children.† The typical teenager was very uninformed prior to reading this book on human trafficking in india and how many teenage girls are victimized.The author of Sold,Patricia McCormick,was successful in explaining to this American audience how and why the cycle of human slavery present within brothels exists. One issue McCormick discusses is the lack of knowledge that exists in this area of India like for example the people in this country don’t have†¦show more content†¦The Second issue that was discussed was fear of punishment on (McCormick 261) Lakshmi hears the american man come to the door and is asking mumtaz if any girls live here then Lakshmi tries to get her friend anita to come with her by convincing her that â€Å"He is a good man,†I say.†He will take us to a clean place† but anita thinks that he is not because of all of the false information she has heard about americans and how they will make you walk in the streets naked.This shows fear of punishment because the only reason why anita is afraid to leave with the american man is that she has been lied to some much she doesn’t know who to trust.Another

Digital Supply Chain Managment Free Essays

string(209) " enormous growth of the mobile market, a highly fragmented market expertise, and the asset costs to build and maintain a digital supply chain, and it’s clear the model is transforming traditional practices\." | CLICK AND MORTAR TO PURE PLAY| HOW APPLE AND DISNEY ARE MAKING THE MOST OF THEIR DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAINS A Management Information Systems Project Assignment: Select two organizations in the same industry and study their SCM. Prepare a report on how the companies are managing their customers and suppliers. Make some recommendations as to how they can improve their efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Supply Chain Managment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Submitted to: Sir Waqas Saeed Submitted by: Muhammad Babar Suleman Hassan Irshad Atif Murtaza Arslan Sadiq Arslan Zafar Ran Amjid Mehmood Ehtisham-ur-Rasool 01. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 AMR SUPPLY CHAIN TOP 25: STRONG SHOWINGS BY APPLE AND WALT DISNEY Apple stays on top with an unbeatable combination of killer financials and stellar opinion scores. AMR Research The AMR Research institute recently published its list of the companies boasting the best Supply Chain Management procedures (see Appendix 01). Two of the top 25 players represented a radical departure from the traditional Supply Chains. Apple tops the list with a supply chain which is as much a revolution for traditional supply chains as it is a negation of almost everything the supply chains have previously been characterized by. For one, Apple’s supply chain for its online store iTunes is completely digital in nature. It is the apex and materialization of what Management Information Systems and Information Technology Disney combines demand-driven advancements had hinted at. Another company in the top 25, the entertainment giant Walt Disney combines a digital supply chain with a streamlined traditional one with spectacular results. replenishment with new collaborative models for pure content distribution. AMR Research As lines between companies’ offers of physical and digital products become blurred, Apple and Disney are the forerunners of what will be the future of supply chains: The Digital Supply Chain. Additionally, both the companies’ supply chain models are based on the â€Å"demand driven excellence† model which is the modern solution to meeting the needs of the global market. 1. 2 GROWING IMPORTANCE OF CONTENT AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY The reason why the supply chains of Apple and Disney were able to rank so high is because both the companies were able to recognize the immense significance of digital content and Intellectual Property in the modern era. The music industry has by far experienced the most significant effects (positive AND negative) of digitization of music (in the form of mp3s and other digital formats). However where piracy quickly became the biggest challenge for the industry, sales of digital music have exploded over the past couple of years, thanks to Apple’s ubiquitous online store iTunes. iTunes started with 99 cents per song- now it’s a thriving market leader that encompasses music, movies, TV shows, apps, eBooks, podcasts and so much more. Disney benefits from â€Å"the best of both worlds† (as the title character of its popular Hannah Montana TV show would say) by combining a digital supply chain with its traditional practices such as that of supplying stores such as Blockbuster and Netflix with DVDs of its movies and TV shows. 2. THE DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN 2. 1 WHAT IS THE DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN? At the core of Apple and Disney’s fantastic success is the digital supply chain. The question arises as to what the digital supply chain is and how it differs from traditional supply chains. Before getting into the specifics, it is important to define the di gital supply chain. According to Wikipedia: â€Å"Digital supply chain is a new media term that encompasses the process of the delivery of digital media, be it music or video, by electronic means from the point of origin (content provider) to destination (consumer). Similar to how a physical medium must go through a supply chain process in order to mature into a consumable product, digital media must pass through various stages in processing to get to a point where the consumer can enjoy the music or video on a computer or television set. † All supply chains work within the same framework- the delivery of product from its origin to the hands of the end-user, while being worked on in every step on the way. Broadly, the digital supply chain involves the process of transferring digital content (music/video) from the content provider to the end consumer online and in a suitable format. The digital supply chain is different in four major ways: 1) 2) 3) 4) It exists solely online and for digital items. It is highly compressed and shorter. It has lower attached costs. It has an unbeatable inventory turnover rate. Recognizing the market forces and new technologies that are reshaping the industry, Capgemini has introduced its practice of digital supply chain, the content value chain: Capgemini is not the only company that has invested in digital supply chain solutions. HewlettPackard (HP) offers Digital Entertainment Services- solutions for digital supply chain needs of companies. The reason why the digital supply chain works is because of the immense increase that digital content has seen in its adoption. The results of a recent IBM digital consumer survey show a high trend towards digital content in every leading economy. Online access to digital content is most common in: Media and Entertainment (Music, Movies, Games, eBooks etc). E-learning Software Given the evolution in media, technology and the marketing scenario, the supply chain to manage this evolution requires a new set of complexities and metrics. Warehouses are being replaced with data centers, boxes replaced by bits, and trucks replaced by bandwidth. And it may very well be an easier supply chain to manage, with no inventory carrying costs, purchase orders, supplier scorecards, MRP, trucks, excess and obsolete, or quality issues, but it will take a new way of thinking. Long gone is the plan, buy, and make functions supply chains have been built on. Within the digital supply chain, you receive one item into inventory and sell it a million times over without restocking. Vendors can be paid for each digital asset sold, without having to stock inventory that may never move. Combine the enormous growth of the mobile market, a highly fragmented market expertise, and the asset costs to build and maintain a digital supply chain, and it’s clear the model is transforming traditional practices. You read "Digital Supply Chain Managment" in category "Papers" So far, digital supply chains have been controlled by the innovators. But with the amount of digital content increasing dramatically and the Internet providing a point-to-point access for customers, the following will become increasingly important: Innovation—This goes for product and supply chain delivery methods. Time to market—Since digital products can be made once and sold many times, speed of collaboration between design and delivery will be a major measure of success Customer service—This includes quality of the transaction and product, speed of activations, and ease of refunds. 2. 2 THE DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN PROCESS The digital supply chain involves three players: Content Provider (Task: Encoding and Ingesting) Content Processor (Task: Vaulting and Processing and Transformation) Digital/Physical Retailer (Task: Packaging and Distribution) Intermediate components include processes like Quality Control, Digital Asset Management, Metadata entry, Digital Rights Management and the Content Delivery Network. †¢Media is converted from source to file. Vaulting †¢File based media mezzanines are stored and backed up. †¢Content is processed and transferred according to consumer needs. Packaging and Distribution †¢Media files are packaged and delivered to customers over the network. Encoding and Ingesting Processing and Transformation Apple and Disney both have a high degree of streamlining at every step of the process. The main functions of a digital supply chain are as follows: True on-demand product availability Ease of use and speed for content search and activation Pricing and subscriptions Quality management built on licensing and refunds One thing to remember is that there is no ONE digital supply chain. It’s as dynamic as it is flexible as you can see from the table below: Different media types Different business models Different technologies Different maturity of markets Different distribution models Audio / Video / Software / Games / Books Electronic sell through / subscriptions / free content Devices / offline vs. nline usage / formats / DRM Established structures vs. new models Direct-to-consumer / Aggregation 2. 3 COMPARISON WITH TRADITIONAL SUPPLY CHAINS The following table compares the digital supply chain with the traditional structure on the basis of some key processes associated with SCM. Value Addition Because of the inherent structure, each step of the digital supply chain has a higher percentage of contribution to the value delivered. As mentioned earlier, computer storages have taken the place of physical warehouses. The digital supply chain is at a high risk of security issues because of problems relating to piracy, hacking, viruses and data mishandling. Virtually, self-replenishing and never runs short! Because of superior communication, time costs are reduced. Disney is a good example of how on-demand product availability made possible by digital supply chains Increasing Download Speeds, Content Quality, Speed of Activation and Ease of Refunds are some of the benefits offered by the digital supply chain that give it an edge over the traditional supply chains when it comes to Customer Service. Physical Storage Security Stocking Time to Market On-demand product availability Customer Service 03. DEMAND DRIVEN EXCELLENCE The â€Å"Demand Driven Excellence† model has three overlapping areas of corporate responsibility: Supply Management (Manufacturing, logistics and sourcing) Demand Management (Marketing, sales and service) Product Management (RD, engineering and product development) Basically, Apple and Disney’s strength is that they don’t treat their supply chain as an isolated business process. It is a crucial part of what makes the entire thing work and in order for its maximum efficiency, management of demand and products is essential simultaneously. Only thus, the supply chain is able to give such top-notch results. With visibility, communication and reliable processes all these three functional units can be made to work together for optimum performance. When these overlapping areas work together, thanks to compatible and efficient business processes, businesses are able to respond directly, quickly and efficiently to opportunities arising from demands from the market or the customers. Because all the three areas are able to rise up to any occasion of business opportunity and the tasks keep shifting back and forth among the units as required, in a hybrid, dynamic web of solution formation, Apple and Disney are Defining characteristics of supply chains built able to achieve superior results while each to this design [demand driven excellence] of their functional area benefits from include the ability to manage demand rather collaboration with the other two. AMR Research cites the demand driven exellence model as the reason why companies like Apple and Disney are able to perform so well. The new phrase that’s making the rounds in the corporate world is that â€Å"pull† is the new â€Å"push†. Creating solutions and coaxing customers to purchase them is fastly becoming a redundant technique. The modern business strategy is responding dynamically to consumer needs and making your solutions fit their demands than just respond to it, a networked rather than linear approach to global supply, and the ability to embed innovation in operations rather than keep it isolated in the laboratory. The demand-driven model is inherently circular and self-renewing, unlike the push supply chains of our factory-centric industrial past. AMR Research like a glove. The focus is to make them want what you are offering- and not wanting them to purchase what you’ve put out. Apple’s iTunes store is the perfect example. Previously, record labels put out albums out on the market and they were expected to sell based on the couple of singles released to the airwaves. The albums were â€Å"pushed† to the customers. These days, iTunes allows consumers to purchase individual tracks- and only the ones they want to- from any album. That way they are shifting control of the purchase entirely to the customer and it has only helped in mutual growth. The demand driven global supply chain is assessed by two key measures: Operational Excellence (Key Metrics: Perfect Order Rate, Total SCM costs) Innovation Excellence (Time to Value, Return on New Product Launch) The relationship of demand driven excellence and the key measures can be see in the following table which differentiates between market leaders and losers on the basis of their performance in the above mentioned areas. 4. APPLE AND DISNEY 4. 1. SPECIFICS Apple’s digital supply chain comprises procuring content from record labels and television networks (among others), processing the content to digital format and then making it available on its iTunes store. eBooks, Podcasts and Applications for its iPod and iPhone devices also form a big portion of the content that is distributed on its digital supply chain. The success of Apple’s digital supply chain is due to â€Å"an intoxicating mix of brilliant industrial design, transcendent software interfaces and consumable goods that are purely digital†, according to the authors of an AMR Research write-up. The authors also note that â€Å"the mechanical and financial benefits of this approach include extremely high inventory turns, minimal material or capacity limitations to growth, and excellent margins. † Following is an excellent article by a blogger on how iTunes manages suppliers and customers. ARTICLE 01: By Cara Smith As far as iTunes is concerned, both upstream and downstream supply chains apply. I feel iTunes use both strategies simply because in the case of upstream, iTunes acquire the vast majority of its digital content from well known music labels and film producers, who will trade with iTunes who will then use a downstream approach in order to sell their products and services onto their customers. Push vs pull supply models Nowadays with the digital music market at an all time high with sales hitting the roof, customers are experiencing a new way of purchasing. In terms of iTunes we can see that ‘pull’ is the new ‘push’ simply because customers are able to purchase individual tracks produced by an artist rather than having to purchase the entire album to only like one or two songs from the track listing. This then gives the customer the opportunity to customize their very own iTunes library or playlists with a range of songs made my various artists meaning that customers will want to hear what is in that playlist without having tracks or items pushed towards them. With the pull strategy concentrating solely on the customer the main importance of the company is to ensure they provide value and ensure the service will be one in order to ensure customer satisfaction as well as attracting new customer leading to a broadened customer base as well as increased sales rather than to deter customers from purchasing or visiting at all. Vertical integration vs disintegration vs virtual integration I would say that iTunes would most likely operate using ‘Virtual Integration’. I feel iTunes would operate using this strategy in its day to day running simply because they rely on management activities being undertaken and controlled by outside sources such as the record labels, film producers, application developers and many others, supplying them with all their up to date, high quality digital media and services of which their customers will purchase or subscribe to. Due to dealing with so many widely known record labels and film producers etc, iTunes always ensures to maintain a strong relationship in order to help secure any future deals these labels may offer as well as trying to broaden their supplier base at the same time. Evidence of value networks In terms of value networks I would say that by ensuring their customers are well looked after by providing them with everything they need and are satisfied with the products and services they are receiving, including the time in which it takes for a product to download or the quality of their purchase, iTunes will always maintain a good relationship with its customer and supplier base in terms of how they work in partnership with each other. By ensuring that their customers are always happy with what they are receiving it will be hard for iTunes to loose many of its customers at any one time unless some new top of the range platform was developed with extraordinary features of which iTunes has never thought of. Through continuously updating its platform and interface, whilst adding new and improved features and services iTunes always has something new for customers to explore giving them a sense of ease as they know customers will always be around to check out what new meaning that they are more likely to stay around and use its facilities. Evidence of efficiencies in supply chain As Apple iTunes continuously strive to provide the best quality service and produce top of the range goods they are always making changes to the way in which they deliver products and services to customers. With iTunes being considered the ‘Number 1’ music platform and online digital retail store, iTunes have proved they can be successful in every way possible by exceeding cashflow and turnaround targets through the huge demand for online digital content of which many of music record labels and film producers supply and give permission for iTunes to sell on to its customers at price. With this success iTunes will do anything and everything in order to keep its existing customer and attract new customers in, so with their ideas of continuous new and improved updates to the iTunes interface and by introducing better ways of syncing and managing your iPod or iPhone contents on the iTunes platform. In terms of ensuring customer have all the content they require iTunes it always up to date with the current charts and applications, however when a customer has made a purchase the item(s) will automatically start to download and will be accessible to listen to or view as soon as the download is complete. ttp://csmithcom425. wordpress. com/2009/10/30/week-6-supply-chain-management/ Apple’s revolutionary digital supply chain (nurtured by its demand driven excellence focus) is in addition to its distribution of its own physical products, the aforementioned iPod and iPhone as well as Macs and Macbooks. Whereas the line between the products that travel through Appleâ⠂¬â„¢s digital supply chain (music, movies, eBooks) and the ones that are distributed through its traditional supply chain (iPods, Macs) is quite distinct, Disney has a more blurred array of products offered on its digital and traditional supply chains. While it maintains its practice of maintaining top-notch physical distribution channels with its retailers (such as Blockbuster which carries Disney DVDs) the same content is also offered through its digital network (on-demand movies, online premieres, digital books), albeit not in the same format. The simultaneous existence of both the supply chains is necessary for Disney even though the content distributed differs only in format because the modern market demands ask for digital content whereas it has to fulfill the continued, if diminishing, demands of its physical etailers and varied businesses such as the supply chain needs of its theme parks. The Arvato Digital Services model can be used to understand how Disney manages the distribution of the same content across the two channels, digital and physical. Also, see the model on the next page for more detailed insight on how the Digital Supply Chain relates to Disney and other entertainment industry players. 4. RECOMMENDATIONS Our recommendation for both the companies would be to draft better licensing deals, capitalize on the immense potential of the digital supply chain, and use the internet to distribute digital content worldwide and not a select list of geographic locations. People in third world economies like Pakistan can make online purchases and download digital content as well. Without incurring significant additional costs, Apple and Disney can make their entire repository of digital content and access available without exceptions on the basis of location, and reap the financial benefits that will surely come. Apple has been doing a fantastic job of managing its supply chains but whereas its physical chain is finally sounder than it once was, the company needs to be careful not to underestimate the incredible popularity of its online content. Recently, during the rollout of a new iPhone, the physical supply chain was able to endure and accommodate the rush of early purchasers but the digital supply chain became overtaxed with demands of device activation and content synchronization which led to a slew of wait times, customer service issues and of course, unhappy customers. Disney should start preparing for a future where distribution of its content, that can be provided digitally, would be extinct. That would pose several new challenges for the company- Should it form lucrative liaisons with online retailers like Apple’s iTunes or sell its own content such as the TV Network NBC? An analysis of the pros and cons of both the alternatives could make better decisions possible in planning its supply chain strategies for the future. The biggest challenge we’ve been confronted with, preparing for, and have every expectation we’ll be successful in is how technology will dramatically change the way consumers worldwide enjoy entertainment content,† DVD sales are already facing a slump (they slid by – Bill Patrizio, senior VP of 6. 9% last year). Studios are facing the dilemma of strategic sourcing and devising profitable solutions for the new age while procurement for Disney. trying to maintain profitability from the decreasing momentum of the cash cow that was the DVD market. Our recommendation in this respect would be to brainstorm a fresh business model instead of trying to teach the old dog new tricks. A complete overhauling of the way the company thinks of content could be the solution for the problems that are sure to arise in the near future. The rumored â€Å"Keychest† could be a step in the right direction. Disney has always shown business savvy (as is obvious from the quote from 2005 display above) and we’re sure the company has some smart strategies thought out. REFERENCES Wikipedia Digital Supply Chain http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Digital_supply_chain AMR Research www. amrresearch. com PC World â€Å"How Apple’s Supply Chain fared during the 3G Rollout† http://www. pcworld. com/businesscenter/article/148429/how_apples_supply_chain_fared_during_t he_3g_rollout. html Cara’s Com425 Blog http://csmithcom425. wordpress. com/2009/10/30/week-6-supply-chain-management/ â€Å"Understanding the Digital Supply Chainâ⠂¬  Presented at Media-Tech Conference, 23rd April 2009 by Sven Deutschman, CEO, Arvato Digital Services EMEA http://www. media-tech. et/fileadmin/templates/europe09/pdf/presentations/MEDIATECH_2009_Sven_Deutschmann. pdf Business Week â€Å"Hollywood Is Worried as DVD Sales Slow† http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/09_09/b4121056770437. htm MESA Disney developing ‘Keychest’ for Digital Content Access http://mesalliance. org/blog/2009/10/21/disney-developing-‘keychest’-for-digital-content-access/ Information Week â€Å"QA with Disney’s Patrizio: Digital Content Is the Future† http://www. informationweek. com/news/globalcio/interviews/showArticle. jhtml? articleID=160403913 How to cite Digital Supply Chain Managment, Papers

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Question: A patient 75 years old who attended to a podiatry clinic complaining pain in the left foot he was treated for his Onychomadesis Onychomychosis nails problem and was giving advice to come back after 6 months. The patient is at high risk and has a peripheral arterial disease. Include medical history, types of medicament he is taking, what assessment has to do for him? Answer: Patient is suffering from peripheral arterial disease or also called peripheral vascular disease in which the peripheral arteries become narrow. Peripheral arteries are artery other than those which supplies blood to heart and brain. Medical history of patient: Patient is suffering from peripheral arterial disease which specially affects the legs of the sufferer. Due to these legs start paining a lot when walking or standing which gets better on rest (1). Other symptoms which arose are ulcers in skin, poor nail and may be growth of hair in the leg region. The patient here is suffering from Onychomadesis Onychomychosis in which he is experiencing poor nail condition and completely loss of nail called onychomadesis and infection of fungus on nail called onychomychosis. This condition of patient may be due to intake of cigarette smoking which is main reason for peripheral artery disease; other reason may be diabetes, high blood pressure, hypertension or high blood cholesterol. Types of medication Medication as given to this patient includes statins, some cilostazol and ACE inhibitors. Aspirin do not help patients with mild illness but is very effective on patients with severe disease. Some changes in routine may help by stopping cigarette smoking at all, control blood sugar levels and cholesterol with doing regular exercises like brisk walking, treadmill etc. Assessment for patient Patient suffering from such condition is assessed by test called ankle brachial pressure index called ABPI/ABI (2). This test is measured to know blood pressure difference between foot and other body part, when the blood pressure of the ankle is found less or lower than the blood pressure in the hands; than it indicates that there is a blockage in the artery which provides blood from heart to ankle. Normal range is 1.00 to 1.4. If patient gets reading less than 0.90 than he is suspected with this disease. If reading comes to be 0.40 or less than to it than condition is found very severe. References 1. Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases, European Society of Cardiology (2011) 2. Peach G, Griffin M, Jones KG, et al; Diagnosis and management of peripheral arterial disease. BMJ. 2012 Aug 14;3