Supplier Relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supplier Relations - Research Paper Example Generally, a good supplier relation can be described as one in which the company does not keep itself apart from the suppliers (Lautenbacher and Stidham, 2009). Research has actually showed that there exist several companies who only contact their suppliers when they are running out of stock. Even among such companies, the only kind of communication that goes on has to do with quantities of goods needed and the periods the goods are needed. These companies totally fail to see their suppliers as an integral part of their business and so see no need to keep the suppliers informed about the day to day feedback on the supplies they do and the impact of the supplies on the company. For excellent supplier relationship to take place, suppliers must be aware of the daily needs of the companies in terms of demand for products and services. Suppliers also need constant feedback from companies regarding reactions from customers. This is an important move in ensuring that suppliers supply to the specifications of customers and that products supplied are always on high demand by customers so that they do not remain in the inventories for long (Kelton, et al, 2002). Aspects of Boeing's supplier relations program that specifically address reducing inventories For Boeing as an international company, there are several relations programs that it has in place to specifically address the issue of reducing inventories, maintaining quality, regulating compliance and promoting competitiveness. In order to ensure that safety stocks are adjusted downwards and that there is improvement in quality, Boeing ensures that the leading times for supply are reduced to the barest minimum (Arrand, 2007). It would be noted that suppliers have their own lead times whiles customers also have their. But it is the lead time of customer that is paramount because it is the customer that the company makes profits from. There is constant relationship with the supplier to ensure that they reduce their lead times according to the lead time of customers. This helps in reducing inventory in the sense that it leads to a reduction in the amount of time needed to hold stock together (Fofie, 2001). Another important component of ensuring that suppliers are admonished to reduce their lead times is that when the lead times are reduced, it creates enough room for top-up orders to be made in the season when adequate time has been given to measure real demand. Consequently, all forms of rush in the supply of inventory are avoided and so suppliers can take their time to supply quality products. Another important program in place by Boeing has to do with the fact that the company has special terms of conditions as part of its relationship program whereby suppliers must prove beyond reasonable doubt that they can be trusted for reliability of supply before their services are engaged. This is an important program for ensuring reduced inventory and quality of supplies made because it ensures that the need to hold safety stocks is avoided. Meanwhile, the practice of holding safety stocks is one of the major causes of increased inventory. When companies cannot trust the reliability of supply, there are often forced to hold safety stocks that may not necessarily meet the demand of customers. As soon as new stocks come in, they are forced to offload those stocks through cheap sales, rendering the finances of the company handicapped. Boeing therefore avoids this by ensuring that there is strict regulatory

Influence of HK movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Influence of HK movies - Essay Example Therefore, it should be claimed that Hong Kong movie genres has combined centennial values of Chinese nation and transferred them to the contemporaries in an â€Å"easy-going† and comprehensible manner. Key words: kung fu movie, gangster movie, comedy/action comedy movie. Introduction Hong Kong cinematograph is often compared and contrasted to Hollywood cinematograph. Still, there is a need to claim that the importance of movies produced in Hong Kong is in their uniqueness. Such genres as kung fu movie, gangster movie and action comedy and comedy movie are discussed in the paper further on. The most important integrative components of Hong Kong movies are: following Chinese traditions, interpreting centennial arts of combat to the contemporaries and inspiring them with patriotism, brevity and a power of a spirit and providing modern Eastern and Western families with a perfect opportunity to spend their evening while watching movies of Hong Kong cinematograph. This is a zestful cocktail of Hong Kong cinematograph. Moreover, it should be noted that every genre has contributed a lot to the Eastern and Western audiences. ... The main idea relevant to contemporary researchers should be focused on the central importance of Chinese philosophy, spiritual heritage of the Eastern world and the way these issues are interpreted in the modern Hong Kong cinematograph. Hong Kong Action Comedy Movie Hong Kong action comedy movies are, supposedly, the most important products of Hong Kong cinematograph. There are three basic components in these films that are so much attracting to the audience. Firstly, these films comply with Chinese traditions; secondly, these films follow the best traditions of Hollywood action films and thirdly, these films border with transculutral imagination of the audience about â€Å"good† cinematograph. There is much deeper sense beyond action comedy genre than the audience can think. There is much more philosophical background beyond the play of handsome Ekin Cheng and Nicholas Tse. Whether digital effects are used or not, a good spirit of humor and positivism is present in action co medy movie of Hong Kong in any case (Yau, 2001). It is especially important to discuss the important role these films play for Hong Kong people and Westerners nowadays. This can be explained by overall tendencies of globalization. Different national and cultural borders are being blurred and there is a need to create such kind of a cultural product that would be appealing for representative of any nation (Ma, 1999). There were different stages in the development of comedy movie in Hong Kong. At first, politicians criticized spiritual load of the films; in 70s death of Bruce Lee (Baker, 2008) set different accents in this type of films. 80s was a period of Jackie Chan upheaval and the genre of

A Research Proposal On Money Laundering Finance Essay

A Research Proposal On Money Laundering Finance Essay The purpose of the study concerned the impact of money laundering and its effects on the local economic and method of laundering technique in Mauritius. Money Laundering is very vast in nature; it consists of various steps, technique and approach of undertaking such unlawful activity. The research analyzes the economic effects of Money laundering in the Mauritian Economic. The research work will attempt to examine the money laundering activities and the usefulness of prevention and detection techniques by local companies. The method that is to be used is mainly studying available research papers so that we get a maximum of information. The purpose of this study is to provide the general public a broad idea on money laundering with some existed solutions. The research will be in the main interest of financial institution, Government and General Public. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 What is Money Laundering? Money laundering is the process by which money is obtained illegally. Various types of frauds corruption, cooking the books, involve money which has been preceded by several criminal acts. Individual or groups make illegal gains by carrying out these criminal acts and often swindle high amounts. Money laundering makes it possible to legitimate ill-gotten gains through computer crimes, insider trading, and bribery where these produce large amounts of profits. Money laundering takes place within all types of profit-motivated crime, such as embezzlement, fraud, misappropriation, corruption, robbery, distribution of narcotic drugs, and trafficking in human beings (Økokrim, 2008). 2.2 Characteristics of Money Laundering Money Laundering consists of a series of various transactions used to change the source of financial assets so as these assets can be used without compromising the criminals offences. These transactions involve 3 stages (Billy Steel): 2.2.1 Placement The first stage refers to the physical distribution of financial assets. It is the most dangerous one for the perpetuators as the money from illicit activities are introduces into the financial system. Money laundering is a cash intensive business generating huge amount of cash from unlawful activities (for example street drug dealing, where payment are made in cash). The proceeds are then place into financial institutions, in the retail economy or deposits out of the country. The principal aim of the launder is to deliberately remove the cash from the location of acquisition and to convert it into other assets so as to prevent detection from authorities. 2.2.2 Layering Layering involves creating complex layers of financial transaction designed to cover audit tails and provide secrecy. The first attempt is to disguise the origin and ownership of the funds by creating complex layers of transaction. The idea of the transaction is to disassociate the illegal funds to the source of the offence. Layering is the second stage, in which the funds are moved so as to veil or remove any whatsoever link from the crime committed to obtain the money. During the layering process, a number of accounts, financial institutions, companies, funds as well as the use of professionals such as brokers, lawyers and consultants as intermediaries could be involved   as this is where the money will be channelled. Assets that are bought through unlawful funds can be resold locally or abroad and as a result, the assets become more difficult to map out and seize. 2.2.3 Integration The final stage consists of the integration of the money in the legitimate economic and financial institution. Integration is the stage whereby takes place the creation of a legitimate basis for the asset origin. The launder make the money appear legally earned and cleaned. At this stage it is very difficult to distinguish by authorities the difference between legal and illegal wealth. The money is viewed as being legal, and the criminal can use it for any purpose. Illicit money is often removed from its country of origin to be cycled through the international payment system so as to blur any audit trait (Joyce, 2005). There are different ways in which the third stage of money laundering is done. For example, a credit card might be handed out by offshore banks, casino winning can be cashed out, capital gains on option, and stock trading might follow, and real estate sale might lead to profit. The proceeds of criminal acts could be generated from organized crime such as drug trafficking, people smuggling, people trafficking, proceeds from robberies or money acquired by embezzlement, tax evasion, fraud, abuse of company structures, insider trading, or corruption. Popular Methods of the launders at this part of the game is Sending fake import export invoices and overvaluing the price of the goods. Consequently in allows the launders to more the funds from one company or country to another with the invoices serving as source of the capital place with financial companies. A simpler technique is to shift the money (via EFT) to a rightful bank from a bank owned by the launderers, as off the shelf banks are easily purchased in many tax havens. The establishment of unspecified company in countries where the right to concealment is guaranteed. In such case the launderer is in a position to grant loans from banks to undertake certain future legal transaction. In addition launders can claim tax relief on loan repayments and interest on loan so as to increase their profits. Most criminal acts are motivated by profit, argues Financial Intelligence Unit (2008). When substantial profits are generated from crime, perpetrators have to devise a means to control the assets in such a way that they do not attract attention to themselves or the crime committed. Thus, the money laundering process is crucial in order to enjoy the profit without arousing suspicion. 2.3 Problem statement: 2.3.1 Banking Secrecy: A major drawback of money laundering Banking secrecy is a professional obligation, meaning that financial institutions shall not expose a customers financial information and they even have the right to resist any third partys enquiries in order to protect the customers wellbeing. Secrecy laws have served to safeguard persons from financial failure in countries plagued by unsteadiness, fragile currency and run-away inflation rate. Wealthy individuals and political agents are also protected by allowing them to hide their possessions to avoid the risk of persecution (Savona, E.U, 1997). In some countries, for example in Switzerland, the revelation of secret banking information is punishable by law, whether it is intentional or unintentional (Corrado, M.G, 1988). In the world we are presently living, nobody can deny the fact that banking secrecy is the most significant weapon for money launderers. Some countries like Hong Kong, Switzerland, Panama are even known as notorious banking secrecy heavens. These jurisdictions really make the crime of money laundering more severe and out of control. For instance in Hong Kong, a new regulation was introduced in 2000 which requires banks to report suspicious transactions. This resulted in 6,100 suspicious transactions being reported in 2000 and 95% of them were from banks (www.hongkong.org/press/ny-021400.htm, 15th Aug 2001) 2.4 Combating Money Laundering: The Lifting of Banking Secrecy Despite being an important part of individual privacy, banking secrecy has to be lifted in some cases as it is equally important to fight against money laundering in order to guarantee a protected and safe society. The lifting of bank secrecy has already been embodied in the most vital international documents. Each party should authorize the court or other authority to order that financial or business reports should be made accessible or be seized under the 1988 Vienna UN Convention, the 1990 Strasbourg Convention and the 2000 Palermo US Convention specifically. The FATF recommended that financial institutions should concentrate on all unusual or large transactions, which have no evident economic or lawful purpose. Such transactions should be examined, written and be made available to supervisors, auditors and law enforcement agencies. If financial institutions doubt that proceeds come from a criminal activity, they are required to account for their suspicions to the expert authorities without delay (The FATF Recommendations on Money Laundering, 1996 Art 14, 15). These measures are innovative, modern and extremely different from the conventional banking system. In early times, the relationship between financial institutions and customers were founded on trust and confidence: neither the banker asked questions nor the customers made disclosures. The situation has now changed. Along with that, the way of thinking and attitude of bank directors, staff and that of management authorities have changed (Galvao G, 1997). 3.0 Research Methodology 3.1 Aims and Objective of the research The aim of the research is to identify evidence of banking secrecy and their effectiveness in combating money laundering. Cases of money laundering in Mauritius will be studied and analysed. Key principles from the anti-money laundering act and from regulations imposed by bank regulators (e.g. Financial Services Commission and the Bank of Mauritius) will be outlined. The study will then research on the measures taken by banks to fight against potential cases of money laundering in order to guarantee a protected and safe banking service. The lifting of bank secrecy has already been embodied in the most vital international documents. The objectives of this research are to: 3.2 Research Method A survey with a self-administered questionnaire will be the data collection technique used. The questionnaires will be sent to the senior managers, executives and branch managers of the identified banks in Mauritius. Visits to the company/meeting with the relevant person will be carried out where necessary to ensure maximum response and that questionnaire is being filled up by the addressee. Also, secondary data will be taken from company websites, reports and financial statement to supplement research. 3.3 Statistical Analysis of data After the questionnaire, the response will be input as data so as to make use of specific statistical technique. Thus SPSS statistical package will be used to analyze data for the findings of the research. 3.4 Benefits of the Research The research will be beneficial to: Companies Government Future Research Dissertations 3.4.1 Companies Combating money laundering will have a positive impact on companies: Through integrated management of financial crime operational efficiencies will improve The risk of corruption, identity crime and other criminal crimes will reduced considerably Reduced financial risk, reputational risk and legal risk Bad debts and fraud losses due to customer comprehensiveness 3.4.2 Government Money laundering has a negative effect on the economy, such as loss of control on the economical policy, economic distortion and instability. Moreover, government loss revenue as tax collection becomes more complicated and confusing. Therefore, the research will help to reduce these drawbacks. 3.4.3 Further Research Research will assist other researchers to make further research in the topic. Ghantt Chart Task/activity Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Choose topic  ·Ã‚ · Literature search  ·Ã‚ ·  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · Developing framework  ·  · Design questionnaire  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·  · Survey  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · Data Input  ·  · Analysis  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·  · Writing up  ·  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · Submit  · Budget Analysis Expenditures Rs Consultants and contracts 1400 Travel 400 Supplies and materials 400 Communications (Telephone, postage, etc.) 150 Equipment (Purchase) 700 Other (Equipment rental, etc.) 400 Total 3450

Twelfth Night Essay: Feste is No Fool -- Twelfth Night essays

Feste is No Fool in Twelfth Night  Ã‚        Ã‚   In most Shakespearean romantic comedies, there is a character that plays the part of a truth-teller.   And in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night it is no different. Feste, a clown, through his mixed up words and songs enlightens the other characters whilst playing the role of the truth-teller.   Through aiding the Duke with his patience, helping Viola with her love problems, and having a major role in Malvolio's downfall, Feste holds one of the primary parts of the play.    Although Feste is a clown, he seems to be the most perceptive and knowledgeable of all the characters.   He has an ability to be able to understand people and their problems.   Throughout the play, the clown acts as the main link between the characters, clearing up any problems that arise.   Willbern states that "a bit of Feste's seeming nonsense clarifies the situation" (87).   Proud of his expert skill, Feste attests that "... ...h of the characters throughout the play.   Although, he is a "fool", he proves to be the farthest of all the characters, from being a fool.    Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991. Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare. Othello. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. Rossi. New York: Longman, 1999.

Sample Addendum

INTRODUCTION Welcome to EAC 149! This semester we will be working hard on improving your English writing, reading, and oral skills. Please join me in using this addendum to the EAC 149 general outline (available at http://www. senecac. on. ca/fulltime). This addendum is your guide to the subject requirements and activities in my class. TEXTS & MATERIALS o Gaetz, Lynne & Suneeti Phadke. The Canadian Writer's World: Paragraphs and Essays, â€Å"Canadian† 2010. o A good quality English-language dictionary, such as Oxford or Merriam Webster. All students are required to use the following Research Guide for their assignments: Seneca Libraries. Guide to Research and Citation: MLA Style. 3rd ed. Toronto: Seneca College, 2010. Print. o A folder/portfolio to keep all your work throughout the semester GRADING / ASSIGNMENTS (tentative) Paragraphs(2)10%(2Ãâ€"5%) Summary(1)10% Quizzes(2)10%(2Ãâ€"5%) Reading Comprehension Test(1)10% Essay(2)30%(2Ãâ€"15%) Final Exam(1)30% Note: †¢ St udents must pass both the term (60%) and the final exam (60%) to pass the course. See the section on Evaluation below. Use of internet, cell phones and other electronic devices is not permitted during class and the final exam. The term work for courses within the School of English and Liberal Studies includes a minimum of 250 pages of reading and 2000 words of writing. This is consistent with Seneca College policy for English and Liberal Studies courses. TENTATIVE WEEKLY SCHEDULE |WEEK |TOPIC |Pre-class READING |ASSIGNMENT | |1 Sept. – 9 |Introduction |Addendum |Get the text Diagnostic Essay | |2 Sept. 12 – 16 |The Writing Process. Transitional |Chap. 1, 2, 3 |TBA | | |words/expressions |p. 47 | | |3 Sept. 19 – 23 |Narrative Writing |Chap. |Paragraph 1 (5%) | | | |Reading p. 605: â€Å"A Faith in Others |(narrative) | | | |Versus Security† | | |4 Sept. 26 – 30 |Descriptive Writing. |Chap. 6 |Quiz 1 (5%) (apostrophe, quotation marks, | | |Punctuatio n (apostrophe, quotation |Chap. 4 |titles) | | |marks, titles) |Reading p. 550 â€Å"Bound Feet† | | |5 Oct. 3 – 7 |Cause & Effect |Chap. 11 |Paragraph 2 (5%) | | |Comma use |Chap. 33 |(cause & effect) | | | |Reading p. 71 â€Å"Growing up in | | | | |Cyberspace† | | |6 Oct. 10 – 14 |Process Writing |Chap. 7 |Quiz 2 (5%) | | |Comma use cont’d |Chap. 20 (p. 319-332) |(comma use, fragments, run-on sentences) | | |Review of fragments & run-on |Reading p. 66 â€Å"How Spies are Caught†| | | |sentences | | | |7 Oct. 17 – 21 |Understanding Readings |Chap. 37 |Reading Comprehension Test (10%) (includes | | |Practice Reading Essay with Questions|Reading p. 556 â€Å"The Scourge of |short comprehension questions and a | | | |Self-Sabotage† plus Questions p. response paragraph) | | | |557-558 | | | Oct. 24 – 28 |STUDY WEEK | |8 Oct. 31 – Nov. 4 |Summarizing & paraphrasing |Chap. 5 p. 252-255 |Summary (10%) | | |The Essay |C hap. 3 | | | | |Reading TBA | | |9 Nov. 7 – 11 |Comparison & Contrast Essay |Chap. 10 |Essay 1 Rough Outline (comparison and | | | |Chap. 14 p. 232-237 |contrast) | | | |Reading p. 48 â€Å"The Old Movie Houses | | | | |are Where Memory Sits† | | |10 Nov. 14 – 18 |The Essay Cont’d. |Chap. 15 p. 246-265 |Essay 1 (15%) (comparison and contrast) | | |Intro. To MLA |Chap. 36 p. 529-534 | | | Revising and editing practice | | | |11 Nov. 21 – 25 |The Argumentative Essay |Chap. 12 |Essay 2 Rough Outline (argumentative essay)| | | |Chap 14 p. 241-245 | | | | |Reading p. 568 â€Å"This Boat is My Boat†| | |12 Nov. 8 – Dec. 2 |The Essay cont’d. |Chap. 36 p. 534-541 |Essay 2 (15%) (argumentative essay) | | |Revising and editing practice |TBA | | |13 Dec. 5 – 9 |Exam Preparation Review |Appendix 6 p. 623 (preparing for |Practice Exam | | | |exams) | | |14 Dec. 2 – 16 |EXAM DATES | CLASS STANDARDS Format:Only work with a neat, professional appearance will be accepted for grading. Out-of-class assignments must be word-processed. Rewrite Policy:Assignments and tests are not eligible for rewriting. Late Assignments:A late out-of-class assignment will be penalized at a reduction of ? letter grade per day with a one-week maximum for submission. Missed Tests / Presentations / In-Class Assignments:These receive a grade of zero. If there are valid reasons for missing the item, the student MUST: a) Contact the professor or student advisor either by phone or by email prior to the start time of the test, presentation or in-class assignment and b) Next class, present the professor with a signed, word-processed memo indicating why the test, presentation or in-class assignment was missed, with medical documentation where appropriate. At the professor’s discretion, a make-up test/in-class assignment or new date for the presentation may be granted or the value of the test may be added to a subsequent test or final exam. EVALUATION Promotion Policy: To pass EAC 149, you must meet the subject learning outcomes in BOTH your term work and the final examination. The term work will constitute 70% of the final grade; the exam 30%. Successful completion of term work is a prerequisite for writing the final exam. The final grade will be SAT (satisfactory) or UNSAT (unsatisfactory). You must achieve a grade of 60% or higher in BOTH the term and the final exam to successfully complete this subject. ATTENDANCE AND PARTICIPATION Consistent attendance is important for success in this subject. If you are absent from class, please notify me by phone or e-mail. You are sill responsible for the material and assignments missed and may be required to provide documentation. For extensions or special considerations, make the request to me well in advance of any due dates. Considerate classroom conduct, adequate class preparation, and constructive participation will enhance your academic experience and that of your colleagues. In particular, you are asked to be prompt, courteous, responsible and collaborative. STUDENT / FACULTY CONSULTATION OUTSIDE CLASSROOM HOURS: My consultation hours are Mon Period 3,4 and Wed Period 5 (or by appointment. ) LEARNING CENTRE The Learning Centres offer academic support to all Seneca students in the form of one-on-one tutoring, small group tutoring, and workshops and are located in the libraries of the Newnham, Markham, York and King campuses. Students should book tutoring appointments by either logging on to the Web Access Booking system (WABS) at https://www. senecac. on. ca/wabs/ or by visiting The Learning Centre in person. DROPPING A SUBJECT There are two deadlines for dropping this subject. If you drop by Day 10 of the semester, the subject will not appear on your transcript. If you drop by the last drop date (see Student handbook), the subject will appear on your transcript with a grade of DNC. To drop, please notify your professor, complete a â€Å"Timetable Change Form,† and return it to Registration by the deadline. Discuss any possible negative consequences of dropping the subject with the Coordinator. ACADEMIC REGULATIONS It is your responsibility as a student of Seneca College to be aware of and abide by the academic and behavioural policies outlined in the College Academic Policy and the Student Handbook. Here are some key policies: ACADEMIC HONESTY (Section 9 and Appendix E – Academic Policy) To continue to graduate high quality students and to sustain our reputation as a leading institution, Seneca must have the highest standards of academic honesty. Academic honesty means that all Seneca College persons will conduct themselves in an honest and trustworthy manner in all aspects of their academic career. Engaging in any form of academic dishonesty to obtain any type of academic advantage or credit is an offence and will not be tolerated by the College. The penalty for a first offence is a grade â€Å"0† on the work in which the offence occurred, and will result in a comment being placed on the student’s transcript. The penalty for the second offence is an â€Å"F† in the course where the offence occurred, a second comment on the transcript and immediate suspension from the college normally for a minimum of three semesters. For more information about what constitutes academic dishonesty and how to avoid it, go to http://www. senecac. on. ca/library/Academic_Honesty/index. html STUDENT APPEALS (Section 12 – Seneca College Academic Policy) Students have the right to appeal academic decisions of the College. The procedures for informal and formal appeals are outlined in Academic Policy. If a student disagrees with the evaluation of an assignment or with a final grade, s/he must first discuss the matter with the professor in an attempt to resolve the matter informally. If the matter is not resolved, the student should discuss the problem with the Student Advisor or the Chair. Students must keep all assignments (including drafts and outlines) and exercises until they receive their final grade. No appeal will be considered unless a complete file is submitted at the time of the appeal. COPYRIGHT Copyright means the sole right to produce, reproduce, and copy work in which copyright subsists. This includes books, articles, textbooks, and other original creative works such as photographs, and text, graphics, images, sound video, and games from the Internet. It is illegal to reproduce and/or distribute copyrighted materials without the express written permission of the author. Copyright information is available at http://www. senecac. on. ca/policies/copyright. html INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTABLE USE Official College E-mail is available to all employees and students. Faculty, staff and students are required to use College-provided e-mail when corresponding electronically about College-related matters. (For further information regarding the IT acceptable use policy, please refer to: http://www. senecac. n. ca/policies/itau. html DISCRIMINATION AND HARASSMENT All students and employees have the right to study and work in an environment that is free from discrimination and/or harassment. It is the policy of Seneca College that all employees and students have a right to work and study in an environment that asserts the personal worth and dignity of each individual. In order to achieve this objective, Seneca College will not tolerate any f orm of discrimination and/or harassment in its employment, education, accommodation, or business policies dealings. Information and assistance are available from the Resolution, Equity and Diversity Centre. For further information please see: http://www. senecac. on. ca/equity ACCOMMODATION FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL NEEDS The college will provide reasonable accommodation for students with disabilities in order to promote academic success. If you require accommodation, contact the Counselling and Disabilities Services Office at ext. 2900 to initiate the process for documenting, assessing and implementing your individual accommodation needs. Approved by:____________________________________ Claire Moane, Chair School of English and Liberal Studies ———————– SENECA COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS & TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ENGLISH AND LIBERAL STUDIES FACULTY OF BUSINESS |PROFESSOR’S ADDENDUM TO SUBJECT OUTLINE | SUBJECT: EAC149 – English and Communication SEMESTER: Fall 2011OFFICE: B3019B PROFESSOR: Kathleen BellOFFICE HRS: Mon Pd 3,4 Wed Pd 5 EMAIL: Kathleen. [email  protected] on. ca PHONE: ext. 6767

Significance of ingot

To look into the significance of metal bar during the Bronze Age within the Mediterranean trade industry.Chapter I: IntroductionThe significance of the metal bars in the Bronze Age has long been recognized in the development of metallurgical engineering, societal organisation and the primary focal point of this research, the Mediterranean trade industry. The metal metal bars, peculiarly those made from Cu and Sn became an of import facet in the Bronze Age trade, as they were the majority of the ship ‘s lading. Furthermore the location of these metal ores occur in geographically localized countries, which would hold limited entree of prehistoric communities to metals, which hence encouraged long distance trade between them. ( Jones, 2007, 1 ) Copper was particularly an of import natural stuff as it was used for doing tools, arms and status-enhancing luxury goods. Furthermore, Cu was the chief constituent within the sea trade. Evidence found on Mesopotamia and Dilmun, Egypt, Levant, the Aegean and subsequently the cardinal Mediterranean suggests ladings were much easier to transport by sea than by overland. The shipwrecks at Uluburun ( c.1300B.C ) and Cape Gelidonya ( c.1200B.C ) provide direct grounds for the conveyance of Cu metal bars by sea. This has hence influenced Mediterranean civilizations to increase nautical trade and established interregional contacts for Cu and Sn entree. This besides applies for metals such as gold, Ag and led which besides played a function in long-distance trade, thought non in the same measures as Cu. There have been many arguments for the exact nature of this trade. Muhly references that the metal metal bars would supply us â€Å" a proper apprehension of the nature and the range of this trade. † ( 1977, 73 ) However, we can non establish our hypothesis on understanding Bronze Age trade on the metal metal bars entirely as â€Å" The metals trade would hold differed considerable in volume and organisation in different parts, depending on locally available resources, geographics, established trade paths, local metallurgical engineering, and assorted societal and political factors. † ( Jones, 2007, 3 ) The most direct grounds for an analysis of early trade comes from Tell el Amarna. The three-hundred-eighty-two clay tabular arraies found within the metropolis, where records of elusive communicating with foreign powers. These clay tablets provide grounds that the function of the metal metal bars in the development of long-distance trade in metals varied over clip. Howev er they provide no grounds for the beginnings of Sn and Cu which suggest that they must hold been imported from states such as Cyprus. Cyprus is by and large known for its laterality within the Cu production. â€Å" This historical state of affairs is well-known among Cypriot and Mediterranean archeologists, and the Cu ingots represent the terminal merchandise of a complex procedure affecting the excavation, smelting and casting of Cu. â€Å" ( Knapp, Kassianidou, Donnelly, 2001, 204 ) However this ‘historical state of affairs ‘ was really complex and ill understood. Nevertheless the grounds shows that the Cypriots played a dominant function within the Cu industry. Sites, such as the Troodos Mountains in western and cardinal Cyprus, contained the largest measure of Cu ore in the Mediterranean ; therefore becomes an of import beginning within the Cu metallurgy in the Late Cypriot societies. Other sites in Cyprus were besides important in understanding the Cu metallurgy. By the Late Cypriot period ( c.1400-1100B.C. ) many sites became affluent regional Centres ; sites such as Enkomi, Hala Sultan Tekke, Kition and several other colonies. These metropoliss were of import in understanding trade, due to their part in Cu production and export. These metropoliss nevertheless, did non bring forth any paperss affecting trade like the castles ; a few Bronze Age letterings found called ‘Cypro-Minoan ‘ . These were undeciphered syllabic books which have been suggested to incorporate economic texts, votive letterings, or for case the clay balls from Enkomi and Kition contained short fables. However a figure of archeologists believe that the map of these books is yet to be known. Nonetheless epigraphers suggested that these texts show marks from a Cypro-Minoan alphabet, which may be identified on trade points such as the Cypriot and Mycenaean clayware and a assortment of oxhide metal bars. This connexion between the books and the goods has late been well-established. Equally of import as Cyprus was within the Cu production, archaeologists struggled to bring out grounds for Bronze Age smelting activities. Virtually all the scoria sedimentations discovered on the excavation countries dated to periods after the Bronze Age. â€Å" While more grounds for Middle and Late Cypriot Cu excavation and metallurgical production is available today, unluckily this grounds is by and large fragmental and hard to construe. † ( Jones, 2007, 6 ) However, the led isotope analysis proved to be really successful and accurate, as it measured the stable isotopes of lead utilizing a mass spectrometer in order to qualify peculiar samples. This method severally measured the samples ‘ radioactive concentration harmonizing to the geological age of the lead ores. This analysis would supply archeologists with near-conclusive grounds that Cypriot Cu was exported on a important graduated table. The chemical and metallographic analysis show high measures of pre Cu within the oxhide metal bars. This analysis suggests a high demand and production for Cu in the Bronze Age. Another of import facet of Bronze Age trade were the shipwreck finds, particularly those found at Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya. Each of these shipwrecks provide of import information for the nature and organisation of the Cu trade within the period of 1300-1200B.C. The Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya ladings contained the largest measures of Cu metal bars, particularly Uluburun which about contained over 10 dozenss of Cu and one ton of Sn metal bars. The three-hundred and 54 metal bars found within this lading exceed old ladings found on land and on submerged sites. Other important goods found within the Uluburun lading include a big figure of glass metal bars, about one ton of terebinth rosin in Canaanite jars, Cypriot clayware in several pithoi, and a broad assortment of luxury goods plus other points such as the personal ownerships of the crew and riders which bordered the ship. These goods were besides notable as they are an indicant for directional trade ; points such as the Nefertit i Scarabaeus sacer. On the other manus the Cape Gelidonya ship is significantly different. This complete digging contained in its vessel 34 complete Cu oxhide ingots every bit good as other ingot types. The Cape Gelidonya ship seems to hold a lower position that the Uluburun ship as it was a great trade smaller in size that the Uluburun ship and the goods it contained and transported have a lower value. These shipwrecks raise a figure of theories which are of import in understanding Bronze Age trade. How important was the position of the goods found within the ladings? Are the smaller ladings, for case the one found at Cape Gelidonya, more typical that the larger 1s? How common was the transit of the Cu and Sn metal bars? How does this alter our position on the Bronze Age trade? This inquiry besides applies to land-based transit. The most appropriate would be that the production and circulation of metals occurred in several different ways to one another. However this response is really by and large used, as there are a figure of possibilities to differences between Cu and Sn metal bars. However the most dominant accounts are the fluctuations of trade mechanisms, the geological and geographical factors, the societal organisation of societies involved and the utilizations to which the metals were employed. These are a few of the accounts used to assist us associate Cu and Sn metal bar s to Bronze Age trade and let us to understand the differences between each metal bar. Furthermore we could now do the theory that by analyzing these metal bars in deepness would let us to acknowledge the trade paths within the Mediterranean. There are a scope of grounds which describe the trade and production of Cu, Sn and other metals in the Bronze Age. The most common are the textual grounds of Tell el Amarna, Mesopotamia, Aegean, Syria-Palestine and Anatolia. However the iconographic grounds is besides of equal importance as several civilizations such as the Egyptians, Cypriots and Mycenaean ‘s represented their oxhide metal bars in pictural signifiers. These â€Å" Representations of oxhide metal bars demonstrate a cultural group ‘s acquaintance with Cu metal bars in this signifier and therefore their entree to interregional trade paths connected with the beginning or beginnings of Cu used to do oxhide metal bars. † ( Jones, 2007, 9 ) Iconographic grounds such as the pictures and reliefs found at Sahure ‘s burial temple represent the ships ‘ crews. This provides information on the ship ‘s beginning and information on the different foreign groups involved within the Mediterranean t rade.